Run Flux fast with `torch.compile` on Hopper GPUs

In this guide, we’ll run Flux as fast as possible on Modal using open source tools. We’ll use torch.compile and NVIDIA H100 GPUs.

Setting up the image and dependencies

import time
from io import BytesIO
from pathlib import Path

import modal

We’ll make use of the full CUDA toolkit in this example, so we’ll build our container image off of the nvidia/cuda base.

cuda_version = "12.4.0"  # should be no greater than host CUDA version
flavor = "devel"  # includes full CUDA toolkit
operating_sys = "ubuntu22.04"
tag = f"{cuda_version}-{flavor}-{operating_sys}"

cuda_dev_image = modal.Image.from_registry(
    f"nvidia/cuda:{tag}", add_python="3.11"
).entrypoint([])

Now we install most of our dependencies with apt and pip. For Hugging Face’s Diffusers library we install from GitHub source and so pin to a specific commit.

PyTorch added [faster attention kernels for Hopper GPUs in version 2.5

diffusers_commit_sha = "81cf3b2f155f1de322079af28f625349ee21ec6b"

flux_image = (
    cuda_dev_image.apt_install(
        "git",
        "libglib2.0-0",
        "libsm6",
        "libxrender1",
        "libxext6",
        "ffmpeg",
        "libgl1",
    )
    .pip_install(
        "invisible_watermark==0.2.0",
        "transformers==4.44.0",
        "huggingface_hub[hf_transfer]==0.26.2",
        "accelerate==0.33.0",
        "safetensors==0.4.4",
        "sentencepiece==0.2.0",
        "torch==2.5.0",
        f"git+https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers.git@{diffusers_commit_sha}",
        "numpy<2",
    )
    .env({"HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER": "1"})
)

Later, we’ll also use torch.compile to increase the speed further. Torch compilation needs to be re-executed when each new container starts, So we turn on some extra caching to reduce compile times for later containers.

flux_image = flux_image.env(
    {"TORCHINDUCTOR_CACHE_DIR": "/root/.inductor-cache"}
).env({"TORCHINDUCTOR_FX_GRAPH_CACHE": "1"})

Finally, we construct our Modal App, set its default image to the one we just constructed, and import FluxPipeline for downloading and running Flux.1.

app = modal.App("example-flux", image=flux_image)

with flux_image.imports():
    import torch
    from diffusers import FluxPipeline

Defining a parameterized `Model` inference class

Next, we map the model’s setup and inference code onto Modal.

We run any setup that can be persisted to disk in methods decorated with @build. In this example, that includes downloading the model weights.
We run any additional setup, like moving the model to the GPU, in methods decorated with @enter. We do our model optimizations in this step. For details, see the section on torch.compile below.
We run the actual inference in methods decorated with @method.

MINUTES = 60  # seconds
VARIANT = "schnell"  # or "dev", but note [dev] requires you to accept terms and conditions on HF
NUM_INFERENCE_STEPS = 4  # use ~50 for [dev], smaller for [schnell]


@app.cls(
    gpu="H100",  # fastest GPU on Modal
    container_idle_timeout=20 * MINUTES,
    timeout=60 * MINUTES,  # leave plenty of time for compilation
    volumes={  # add Volumes to store serializable compilation artifacts, see section on torch.compile below
        "/root/.nv": modal.Volume.from_name("nv-cache", create_if_missing=True),
        "/root/.triton": modal.Volume.from_name(
            "triton-cache", create_if_missing=True
        ),
        "/root/.inductor-cache": modal.Volume.from_name(
            "inductor-cache", create_if_missing=True
        ),
    },
)
class Model:
    compile: int = (  # see section on torch.compile below for details
        modal.parameter(default=0)
    )

    def setup_model(self):
        from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
        from transformers.utils import move_cache

        snapshot_download(f"black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-{VARIANT}")

        move_cache()

        pipe = FluxPipeline.from_pretrained(
            f"black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-{VARIANT}", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16
        )

        return pipe

    @modal.build()
    def build(self):
        self.setup_model()

    @modal.enter()
    def enter(self):
        pipe = self.setup_model()
        pipe.to("cuda")  # move model to GPU
        self.pipe = optimize(pipe, compile=bool(self.compile))

    @modal.method()
    def inference(self, prompt: str) -> bytes:
        print("🎨 generating image...")
        out = self.pipe(
            prompt,
            output_type="pil",
            num_inference_steps=NUM_INFERENCE_STEPS,
        ).images[0]

        byte_stream = BytesIO()
        out.save(byte_stream, format="JPEG")
        return byte_stream.getvalue()

Calling our inference function

To generate an image we just need to call the Model’s generate method with .remote appended to it. You can call .generate.remote from any Python environment that has access to your Modal credentials. The local environment will get back the image as bytes.

Here, we wrap the call in a Modal local_entrypoint so that it can be run with modal run:

modal run flux.py

By default, we call generate twice to demonstrate how much faster the inference is after cold start. In our tests, clients received images in about 1.2 seconds. We save the output bytes to a temporary file.

@app.local_entrypoint()
def main(
    prompt: str = "a computer screen showing ASCII terminal art of the"
    " word 'Modal' in neon green. two programmers are pointing excitedly"
    " at the screen.",
    twice: bool = True,
    compile: bool = False,
):
    t0 = time.time()
    image_bytes = Model(compile=compile).inference.remote(prompt)
    print(f"🎨 first inference latency: {time.time() - t0:.2f} seconds")

    if twice:
        t0 = time.time()
        image_bytes = Model(compile=compile).inference.remote(prompt)
        print(f"🎨 second inference latency: {time.time() - t0:.2f} seconds")

    output_path = Path("/tmp") / "flux" / "output.jpg"
    output_path.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
    print(f"🎨 saving output to {output_path}")
    output_path.write_bytes(image_bytes)

Speeding up Flux with `torch.compile`

By default, we do some basic optimizations, like adjusting memory layout and re-expressing the attention head projections as a single matrix multiplication. But there are additional speedups to be had!

PyTorch 2 added a compiler that optimizes the compute graphs created dynamically during PyTorch execution. This feature helps close the gap with the performance of static graph frameworks like TensorRT and TensorFlow.

Here, we follow the suggestions from Hugging Face’s guide to fast diffusion inference, which we verified with our own internal benchmarks. Review that guide for detailed explanations of the choices made below.

The resulting compiled Flux schnell deployment returns images to the client in under a second (~700 ms), according to our testing. Super schnell!

Compilation takes up to twenty minutes on first iteration. As of time of writing in late 2024, the compilation artifacts cannot be fully serialized, so some compilation work must be re-executed every time a new container is started. That includes when scaling up an existing deployment or the first time a Function is invoked with modal run.

We cache compilation outputs from nvcc, triton, and inductor, which can reduce compilation time by up to an order of magnitude. For details see this tutorial.

You can turn on compilation with the --compile flag. Try it out with:

modal run flux.py --compile

The compile option is passed by a modal.parameter on our class. Each different choice for a parameter creates a separate auto-scaling deployment. That means your client can use arbitrary logic to decide whether to hit a compiled or eager endpoint.

def optimize(pipe, compile=True):
    # fuse QKV projections in Transformer and VAE
    pipe.transformer.fuse_qkv_projections()
    pipe.vae.fuse_qkv_projections()

    # switch memory layout to Torch's preferred, channels_last
    pipe.transformer.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)
    pipe.vae.to(memory_format=torch.channels_last)

    if not compile:
        return pipe

    # set torch compile flags
    config = torch._inductor.config
    config.disable_progress = False  # show progress bar
    config.conv_1x1_as_mm = True  # treat 1x1 convolutions as matrix muls
    # adjust autotuning algorithm
    config.coordinate_descent_tuning = True
    config.coordinate_descent_check_all_directions = True
    config.epilogue_fusion = False  # do not fuse pointwise ops into matmuls

    # tag the compute-intensive modules, the Transformer and VAE decoder, for compilation
    pipe.transformer = torch.compile(
        pipe.transformer, mode="max-autotune", fullgraph=True
    )
    pipe.vae.decode = torch.compile(
        pipe.vae.decode, mode="max-autotune", fullgraph=True
    )

    # trigger torch compilation
    print("🔦 running torch compiliation (may take up to 20 minutes)...")

    pipe(
        "dummy prompt to trigger torch compilation",
        output_type="pil",
        num_inference_steps=NUM_INFERENCE_STEPS,  # use ~50 for [dev], smaller for [schnell]
    ).images[0]

    print("🔦 finished torch compilation")

    return pipe

Run Flux fast with torch.compile on Hopper GPUs

Setting up the image and dependencies

Defining a parameterized Model inference class

Calling our inference function

Speeding up Flux with torch.compile

Try this on Modal!

Run Flux fast with `torch.compile` on Hopper GPUs

Defining a parameterized `Model` inference class

Speeding up Flux with `torch.compile`